Semantic Satiation: When repeated words lose meaning
Nonce Words: Temporarily used non-meaningful words
- Nonsense Word: Meaningless words
  - Non-Word: Not pronounceable. e.g. blsdh
  - Pseudo-Word: Pronounceable. e.g. blicket, wug
- Ghost Word: A typo from a reference work.
- Protologism: A nonce word that's been used by a small group
- Stunt Word: A word that's used just for a reaction. e.g. "jertain" in the curtain
Sesquipedalian: Use of long confusing words (deliberately or not)
Circumlocution: Use of too many words to convey an idea, often to evade the topic
Syntactically Correct Nonsense: e.g. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously (by Chomsky)
Syntactically Incorrect Nonsense: e.g. Furiously sleep ideas green colorless (by Chomsky)
Gibberish: Same as "word salad" or "gobbledygook"
Barbarian: How Greeks perceived foreign languages ("baa" "baa")
Semantic Anomaly: The square root of Milly's desk drinks humanity. (also Chomsky's example)
Doublethink: Logically contradicting sentences
Newspeak:
Bloviating: Speaking without conveying anything
Dissembling: Obfuscation for the purpose of misdirection, usually using everyday speech (beating about the bush to eventually escape)
Sophistry: Illogical sentences wrapped in rhetoric (like in some disingenious advertisements)
Sesquipedalian: Using a lot of words that most people do not understand
Ice Cream Koan: Looks like a Koan, but is meaningless (https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/IceCreamKoan)
Vacuous Truths: Statements of the form "if a, then b", but both a and b are false
Truth-Value Gap: "The king of France is bald", but there is no king of France.
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/204362/what-do-you-call-the-rhetoric-strategy-of-purposely-writing-a-paragraph-that-no

Notes

We can perceive syntactically incorrect statements to an extent
We can perceive semantically incorrect statements to an extent
We can perceive syntactically and semantically incorrect statements to an extent

Left-click: follow link, Right-click: select node, Scroll: zoom